Importance of Using the Strategies of the Top Performing Writers in Writing an Argumentative Essay

Importance of Using the Strategies of the Top Performing Writers in Writing an Argumentative EssayThe social classes are often overlooked when it comes to preparing a persuasive essay. This is a pity because by applying the strategies that the top-earning writers use they will succeed in winning every essay competition. Here are some tips to help you succeed with this type of essay.Firstly, writing on the specific experience of your key factor in your essay. Here you must realize that your readers do not want to hear you wax lyrical about an event or interaction. Remember that if you give them what they want they will write the negative comment and you will lose out. Your key factor should be that you wrote about what you experienced and how you coped with it.Secondly, the essay topics should deal with the contemporary problems of students. This is because students would rather argue over their shortcomings rather than go over the issues that have been prevalent for a long time. All students know the solutions but are afraid to put these into action because of the negative comments that might be made about them.Thirdly, the essay topics should also deal with your experiences. Instead of writing the generalization statement, write that your experiences gave you a perception of the world. Students want to read about concrete experiences, and they want to find out what these experiences are. The writer's position on social classes is far less relevant if the subject matter deals with real life.The most important thing is to be concise. It is impossible to make a strong argument or persuade people to change their opinions when you do not get to your point. However, try to convey your main points and state them clearly without making people feel that you are using bad language. At times, it can be necessary to use metaphors that might sound silly.Finally, do not be afraid to summarise your argument when you have used it sufficiently. If you do this your readers will appreciate it and respect your decision to skip the logic portion of the essay. You must be able to convince the reader that he or she should read your other works. In this way, they will be more inclined to trust what you say and you will become better acquainted with your audience.Having these techniques will enable you to create a strong persuasive essay. When you follow the three steps listed above you will realize that social classes are actually the topics that all those other writers are so scared of.It is up to you to decide whether you would like to win the argumentative essay or not. Take the first step now by studying the strategies that have proven effective for the best writers.

Popular Piece Of Modern Literature - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 524 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Lord of The Flies Essay Did you like this example? The Lord Of The Flies is a popular piece of modern literature by the Nobel Prize-winning author William Golding, red by many students to this day. The Nobel Prize-winning British author William Golding was born on September 19, 1911, Newquay, Cornwall, England and died on June 19, 1993, Perranarworthal, Cornwall, England at the age of 81. In 1940 Golding temporarily abandoned teaching in Bishop Wordsworths School in Salisbury to join the Royal Navy to fight in WWII. Upbound the Lord Of The Flies publish in 1954, the Lord of the Flies did not have great success after being released, it was Goldings first novel. During time was after the war of WWII that is why there is a war element in the book of Lord Of The Flies The book sold about three thousand copies in the United States during 1955, before the Lord Of The Flies was going out of print it went on to become a best-seller of that year. The critics, some thought that Goldings novel [Lord Of The Flies] has a remarkably complete and solid structure(Kinkead- Weekes and Gregor 15). This shows that for the readers it took time for them to appreciate Goldings work after a year. Critically they agree that Goldings work was solid and complete, which these are the reasons why Goldings book Lord Of The Flies is a popular book till today. The Lord Of The Flies follows chronological order. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Popular Piece Of Modern Literature" essay for you Create order It starts with all characters arriving on to the island. There are sequences of dreaming like the kids dreaming about the beasty or when Simon daydreamed about the Lord Of Flies near the dead body of the pilot. Throughout chapter 1-4, the tension rises between Jack and Ralf, the two leaders. At the end of the book, every one cried when the adult came to save them. The comparison of the start and the end is the process of becoming savages and reverting back to kids when the adult came. The similarity between the start and the end is that they all revert back to a kid in the end, just like they got there. The book is told on a deserted island following the character after they crashed on it, the story is most likely take place during WWII because the mention of war and the book is published 10 years after WWII. The Lord Of The Flies is told from a third person omniscient and present term view. The point of view throughout the story did not change. Because this allows Golding to follow and talk about any of the characters at any point of the story. This is done to distances the reader as to allow Golding to judge the characters actions at any point of the story. Goldings use of syntax of long periodic sentences when describing the peaceful coral island shaded with greens and purples. And some time shorter sentences like when Golding describes moments of violence or high tension. For an example, for the all pigs death, Golding uses great detail and imagery to create stress an tension. All these is to create a full image for the reader to feel, see, and imagine that part of the event.

How Society Is Affected By Drug Usage In Sport - 1540 Words

Drugs have been a problem in our society for years. They have been used and abused by many groups, including amateur and professional athletes. Drugs are also used for recreational use not just for performance enhancement. Society is directly influenced by the usage of drugs in sport. A study in 2002 showed that An estimated 3 million people aged 15 or older reported that they used marijuana or hashish at least once in the year before the survey This shows that 12.2% of all Canadians either have health related problems which condone the usage of illegal drugs or athletes have nothing better to do. Drug usage in sport is cheating whether it be to play better, to be more relaxed or to gain more muscle mass. Like many drugs such as cocaine†¦show more content†¦There is evidence saying that athletes would use drugs if they knew that taking them would ensure they would win but not be caught. This shows that if there was no risk many of our athletes would put their bodies under too much stress by putting harmful products into their systems. Illicit drugs such as Marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA (ecstasy) are all tested for in a standard NIDA (National Institute for Drug Abuse) approved drug test, they all have different detection periods such as: Marijuana: Single Use: 48-72 hours , Habitual Use: up to 12 weeks. Cocaine:48-72 hours. Amphetamines: 1-4 days. Ecstasy: Single use:1-3 days, Heavy use: 3-5 days. Although these periods are not accurate because they vary between person to person due to metabolism, tolerance, frequency of intake, fluid intake, amount and length of time youve been a user. When athletes get caught we see it all over media, but what about the ones that get away with the help from doctors and pharmacists?, How many are outsmarting the tests and how difficult is it? Typing drug testing into a search engine many athletes will come across websites promoting kits on how to pass such as www.passyourdrugtest.com and www.testclear.com, nothing is stopping them from gaining this information and purchasing certain kits which can reduce drug appearance in under 5 days. College athletes are getting tested for performance enhancing drugs moreShow MoreRelatedShould Supplements Be A Type Of Eating Disorder Among Men? Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagestraining, and how they view themselves physically in order to observe if supplements have a relationship with eating disorders. The results of the type fitness supplements that the majority of the participants of the survey used were whey protein, creatain, and L creatine. They also used legal enhancing drugs (APED), and worked out minimum twice a week. 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If Jennifer Lawrence appears gorgeous in her red carpet gown, she is praised; if she is caught with a slice of pizza

Leveraging Personal and Collective Knowledge MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leveraging Personal and Collective Knowledge Processes. Answer: Introduction Knowledge can be described as the facts, information and skills required for the experience or education to complete the particular job or work. The knowledge can be divided into two ways as theoretical knowledge as well as the practical knowledge. There is a hierarchy of knowledge where the knowledge is placed on top and this report discussion about the various concepts of knowledge and their view points. There is a traditional model of knowledge which has it focus on theoretical knowledge. In this model of knowledge philosophy is placed at the top and knowledge is placed at the bottom. It is believed that the pyramid of knowledge is constructed top to down. Theoretical knowledge requires having the practical skills through i.e. by learning and using language is those are used in practice and cannot be analyzed apart from practice. Generally, theoretical knowledge is ahead of the practical knowledge both practically as well as logically. Therefore, practice is necessary is presumed in acquiring theoretical knowledge. Knowledge can be categorized into three different kinds (Martin, 2013). They are: Knowing a thing Knowing how to do something Propositional knowledge Knowledge as a possession view- Knowledge is classified as an intellectual property which is the patents and copyrights, plagiarism and public domain. Knowledge can be considered as possession if the knowledge is an Intellectual property, any inventions, any unique idea or it is the personal knowledge. Intellectual property can be defined as a work, which created through the understanding of objective or any abstract matters. Artistic works such as music, literature, inventions, discoveries, words, symbols and designs comes under the intellectual property. Invention can be defined as an idea, process or a design. The invention process is the process which is within the engineering and product development process.An invention can help to achieve a unique function or result (Friedman, 2010). The things that can be considered under invention are artificially created chemicals, application of mathematical equation and solving a problem. The things which can be categorized under non inven tion are medical discoveries and mathematical equations (Razmerita, Kirchner, Nabeth, 2014). Knowledge is usually understood as facts or application of skills. In the age of information practical knowledge is more important the theoretical knowledge. Knowledge can be further explained as a representation of reality, a tool of with helps in producing effects and a difference in representation. It is certain that the practical knowledge is not concrete it contains human skills even if the application can be often concrete. Knowledge grows only when a certain things are applied to build or grow something. Several philosophers have stated their own version of knowledge as possession and knowledge as practice. According to the Ryle knowing how is distinguished from Knowing that. The philosopher also believes in theorizing is one practice amongst others. However, according to the philosopher Wittgenstein in 1940 s practice is a prerequisite of proportional knowledge. These view points of the philosopher indicates that the practical knowledge is more important than the theoretical knowledge. Theoretical knowledge can be gained in the further knowledge (Zahle,2012). Many philosophers fail to believe or understand that the need to understand theory as they perceive their jobs is all about practice. Theory and practice, two intrinsically linked and they usually come to be more open as theory matters (Jonassen, Land, 2012). The teachers knowledge can be categorized into several ways but according to the Cochran-Smith and Lytle it can conceptualized into three ways such as- Knowledge for practice: A person can only grow its knowledge by distributing more knowledge. This happens when knowledge used as a practice and taken as a profession. This is true in case of professors, teacher who are practicing knowledge through teaching. This gained by when a person goes to the university, study their desired course and then practice knowledge. Knowledge in practice: This view of teacher learning assumes that the art of teaching lies within the individual teacher which is showcased in the classrooms every moment. The teachers who have mastered the work of teaching have to develop their work before the classroom practice. Knowledge of practice: This view of teaching assumes that the knowledge can be designed by the group of teachers as they conduct enquiries about the issues of teaching and learning, issue of curriculum design and subject and the issues of school. Apart from these three ideas, the fourth ideas which has the same concepts as of knowledge of practice idea but this idea also offer how teachers makes knowledge. Knowledge as Practice: This view of knowledge is a characterized which shifts the focus away from the idea inside scientists mind to practice which are cultural and contextualized within the field of science. This theory was suggested by the Knorr Cetina in 1999, she also suggested that people who work together can be referred as the culture whose collective knowledge can termed as practice (Robertson, Taczak Yancey, 2012). The relationship between the teachers knowledge and their classroom practice is the result of the teachers work to develop and support the leaning and development of classroom practice. There are of questions that are raised about the relationship between teacher and practice. The questions are: Knowledge as a practice can be held by individual experts where knowing is the collective information which is distributed across the people and different objects. The collective knowledge holds the meaning everyone having the possibility to know and assess themselves and what needs to be done and this knowledge is guiding the collective enterprise. The above discussion could be applied to 3M. When it comes to knowledge as a practice, 3M is one of the best company that has established a culture of knowledge Management. The company uses the Nonaka proposed SECI model for knowledge Management. The SECI model as used by the company can be shown as: Possession and practice are two different views of knowledge. They are two different things on which knowledge has been categorized. For yearsphilosopher, have classified knowledge under various things. There are several concepts through which knowledge can be viewed as knowledge for practice, knowledge of practice and practice in practice. There were few points of knowledge as practice concept which overlapped with knowledge of practice. However, the knowledge can be gain collectively as well as individually. This paper discusses the role of Information Technology in the supply chain Management of large retailers like Wal-Mart, Target, etc. The key Information Technology strategies used by the organizations in retail world includes the use of RFID, ERP systems, and to some extent, QR codes. Recently, organizations have also started to use social media tools. The social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter are used to get customer feedback as the last steo of supply chain management process. If the supply chain of an organization is efficient, it gives and edge to the organization to stand strong among the competitors. This report explains about the supply chain and its importance. It is also shows in what ways the Information Technology can be a part of SCM and help in making it efficient. The large retailers like Wal-Mart and Target have been using Information Technology and the large IT systems like ERP to manage their operations and supply chain for long time. Supply Chain Strategy plays the crucial role in Business organization today. The details such as the market coverage, availability of the product at the location and ensure that the supply meets the demand depends on the effective supply chain Management strategy. When the product is launched and introduced in the market, then the product should reach to all the sales counter of the country or area where the product is being launched at the right time so that the customers are able to buy the product at the time of need generation. If in case, the product does not hit the market at the right time then the sales of the product would be dropped as well as the brand image would also be affected (Mentzer, DeWitt, Keebler, Min, Nix, Smith, Zacharia, 2001). The important process of SCM can be sales and operation planning process which helps in balancing the supply and demand. There are revolutions which help to improve the demand of sales and operation planning is a demand driven supply chain. This is major due to which it is important to forecast the inventory based on the demand of the products. The forecast should be done based on the historical shipments, but there should be visibility in the demand real time at the time when sale of made. This will also help the organization to improve the demand management(Carter, Liane Easton,2011). Todays marketplace is highly competitive;the customer is highly capable of shifting their interest from one company to another if their desire needs are not met. Therefore, it becomes important for the company to have a streamlined Supply chain so that the product can be reached to the customer at the right time. Technology can help the companies to simplify the Supply Chain Management in order to make the process transparent and more smooth which will the companies to have a better control over the inventory which can help to reduce the operational cost. There are few ways through which the supply chain can use the technology in their management. They are: Computerized Shipping and Tracking: There are lots of softwares present in the modern technology and internet through which the live tracking can be done. The software allows digitally arranging the inventory data, monitoring and managing shipping and tracking products and creates invoices without any difficulty. Through internet based system, the company would save lot of time, effort as well as money in shipping updating tracking manually. This service of live tracking will enhance the customer experience as the customer would be able to track their own order and check their status. This will also reduce the shipping error and respond more rapidly than before. This type of the system will be customer friendly(PrajogoOlhager, 2012). Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): Radio Frequency Identification uses electromagnetic fields which help to identify the tags attached to the objects or product. These RFID tags can electronically store information.RFID chip can provide lot of benefit to the organization or to the business owners. A RFID Chip is placed on every product to track the inventory. This helps to improve the supply chain efficiency by detecting any errors and enabling the employees to correct the mistake immediately.RFID Chip gives more visibility over the product all the times. RFID is one of megatrends in logistics and every year several hundreds of millions of RFID tags are being sold. The basic problem which arises with RFID is the reader collision and tag collision. Reader Collision occurs when the signals of two or more readers overlap and tag is not able to respond to the queries simultaneously. The tag collision usually occurs when there are several tags present in a small area and the read time is very fast and therefore it is easier for the vendor to develop these tags and respond one at a time. RFID application has enabled the cost effective tracking solution, global tracking of the objects, reliable tracking of capital and inventory assets during the transportation. It offers the solution when it is impossible to collect, update and track the data manually. Currently, there are many companies is using RFID technology for their supply chain management such as Amazon, BJC Health Care, Inditex and General Steel (Sarac, Absi, Dauzre-Prs, 2010). Use of Social Media to Streamline Supply Chain: Social Media is one of popular media which has overpowered other technologies. Almost everyone is the world are present on facebook and twitter. More than 70% of the companies rely on Social media as their marketing strategy. Through social media, the companies will be able to increase their communication with customers and increase the visibility of the company. This will improves the demand of the product or service, this mode is cost effective and time efficient marketing strategy with lower or zero operational cost The main purpose of infographic is to illustrate 10 actions in 4 categories such as supply chain management, relationship management, information technology theory (O'leary, 2011). Big DATA: The scale and depth of the data supply is accelerating which helps in providing more and more data sets to drive the contextual intelligence. Data sourcing by relative level of structured/unstructured data it shows the majority of data of supply chain is generated outside the enterprise. Big Data helps the supplier to focus on knowledge sharing and collaboration and a value added to complete the transaction. To improve the business, for large retailers, it is important to have an emerging supply chain technology in order to have a place in market and be ahead of the other competitors. Customers are fully capable to frequently move their interest from one companys product to another if there is shipping delay or defect in the product, wrong order delivered. Enhancing the supply chain can minimize the risk and also helps to improve the reputation of the company (Zaslavsky, Perera,Georgakopoulos, 2013). Conclusion Supply chain management is one most important part of an organization. It is important for an organization to have an effective SCM in order to fulfill all the requirements. There are several ways that technology can be used in SCM through the live tracking system which will help the department to track the movement of the products. RFID, a chip will help to track all the details about the product from manufacturing stage to delivering stage. The report also discusses other ways that how technology can be used to develop the effective supply chain. Reference Butner, K. (2010). The smarter supply chain of the future.Strategy Leadership,38(1), 22-31. Carter, C. R., Liane Easton, P. (2011). Sustainable supply chain management: evolution and future directions.International journal of physical distribution logistics management,41(1), 46-62. Friedman, O. (2010). Necessary for possession: How people reason about the acquisition of ownership.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Jonassen, D., Land, S. (Eds.). (2012).Theoretical foundations of learning environments. Routledge. Martin, J. R. (2013). Embedded literacy: Knowledge as meaning.Linguistics and Education,24(1), 23-37. Mentzer, J. T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining supply chain management.Journal of Business logistics,22(2), 1-25. O'leary, D. E. (2011). The use of social media in the supply chain: Survey and extensions.Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management,18(2-3), 121-144. Prajogo, D., Olhager, J. (2012). Supply chain integration and performance: The effects of long-term relationships, information technology and sharing, and logistics integration.International Journal of Production Economics,135(1), 514-522. Razmerita, L., Kirchner, K., Nabeth, T. (2014). Social media in organizations: leveraging personal and collective knowledge processes.Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce,24(1), 74-93. Robertson, L., Taczak, K., Yancey, K. B. (2012). Notes toward a Theory of Prior Knowledge and Its Role in College Composers' Transfer of Knowledge and Practice. InComposition Forum(Vol. 26). Association of Teachers of Advanced Composition. Sarac, A., Absi, N., Dauzre-Prs, S. (2010). A literature review on the impact of RFID technologies on supply chain management.International Journal of Production Economics,128(1), 77-95. Zahle, J. (2012). Practical knowledge and participant observation.Inquiry,55(1), 50-65. Zaslavsky, A., Perera, C., Georgakopoulos, D. (2013). Sensing as a service and big data.arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.0159.

The Complete Persepolis Essay Example For Students

The Complete Persepolis Essay When writing any sort of narrative, be it novel or poem, fiction or non-fiction, scholarly or frivolous, an author must take into account the most effective manner in which to effectively convey the message to their audience. Choosing the wrong form, or method of speaking to the reader, could lead to a drastic misunderstanding of the meaning within an author’s content, or what precisely the author wants to say (Baldick 69). Even though there are quite a bit fewer words in a graphic novel than in the average novel, an author can convey just as much content and meaning through their images as they could through 60,000 words. In order to do that though, their usage of form must be thoughtfully considered and controlled. Marjane Satrapi, author of the graphic memoir The Complete Persepolis, took great pains in the creation of her panels in order to reinforce and emphasize her narrative, much like a novelist utilizes punctuation and paragraph breaks. We will write a custom essay on The Complete Persepolis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Through her portrayal of darkness and lightness, Satrapi demonstrates that literary content influences, and is primary to, the form. Lightness and darkness have very different meanings in the human psyche in that lightness is synonymous with innocence and naivety while darkness coincides with all things daunting and evil. Throughout the memoir, many situations are repeated but to different degrees of severity. For example, on pages 113 and 145, Marjane is arguing with her mother. However, the first instance is simply a minor act of preteen rebellion while the second alludes to the possibility of state-sanctioned rape and execution. At first glance, these pages are very similar; Marjane’s mother is obviously angry and invades upon her daughter’s personal space as she lectures and . .e panels that depict her actions, and the results of said actions, magnifies the reassurance imparted with Satrapi’s words. She was in no true danger and yet her hasty decision to cast the Guardians attention onto another could very well have proved deadly to her chosen scapegoat. In fact, the Guardian she calls out to for protection from the supposedly â€Å"indecent† man immediately responds to the situation with, â€Å"Where’s the bastard, I’ll shut him up once and for all!† This blunt, aggressive statement is written on of the very few panels in this chapter that have a black background. It brings a temporary sense of fear and anxiety as to whether or not the poor confused man will fight the Guardians to try and keep his freedom from completely false accusations. The white backgrounds return as the reader learns the man thankfully did not fight the armed group of men.

Radishes and Radicals

Radishes and Radicals Radishes and Radicals Radishes and Radicals By Maeve Maddox Both words, radish and radical, derive from the Latin word for root (radix). The vegetable we call a radish is an edible root. Radical, functioning as both noun and adjective, is used with multiple meanings, depending upon context. Its earliest use in the context of politics and political thought and action dates from the late eighteenth century: That the omnipotence of the state is not lodged, by the constitution, with the people, but with the whole legislative body in parliament assembled, was a radical doctrine of this obnoxious ministry.- OED citation dated 1783 â€Å"A radical doctrine† is one that would strike at the root of an established political or social norm. A radical is â€Å"a person who advocates radical or far-reaching political or social reform.† The earliest OED citations for the noun radical are dated 1822: Love is a great leveller; a perfect Radical. General Scott said Archer was a Radical and inclined to be Jacobinical. Note: As a political term, Jacobin derives from a French political club established in 1789 with the purpose of propagating the principles of extreme democracy and absolute equality. By 1800, the word Jacobin was used to refer to any political reformer. Every society is rooted in specific institutions and conventions. At the time that radical acquired its political meanings, European society was rooted in the model of a landed elite supported by a disenfranchised working class. In the early nineteenth century, efforts to accomplish the following were seen as radical ideas in Britain and the United States: end the employment of children in factories and mines extend the vote to all men extend the vote to women end imprisonment for debt end the slave trade grant full civil rights to Catholics and Jews provide elementary schools for the children of the working classes provide humane treatment for the mentally ill The verb radicalize in the sense of â€Å"to make radical, especially politically; to imbue with radical principles† appears early in the nineteenth century (1825). The earliest citation for the noun radicalization- â€Å"the action or process of making or becoming radical, especially in political outlook†- is 1867. Among the OED citations for radicalize and the noun radicalization are references to soldiers who were radicalized by witnessing the horrors of war and to â€Å"radicalized students of the late 1960s.† These political terms have been used to describe different degrees of radicalism, as indicated in this definition of the adjective radical in the OED: radical adjective: Advocating thorough or far-reaching political or social reform; representing or supporting an extreme section of a party; specifically (also with capital initial)   (a) British belonging to, supporting, or associated with the extreme wing of the Liberal Party which called for a reform of the social and parliamentary system in the late 18th and early 19th century.  (b) U.S. belonging to a faction of the Republican Party seeking extreme action against the South during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Now more generally: revolutionary, especially, left-wing. Although in the past, radical belief was sometimes accompanied with violent behavior- e.g., John Brown, Carrie Nation, the French Revolution- it was more often contained and acted on within a framework of constitutional or parliamentary changes. A â€Å"radical† could be any person who regarded some aspect of society as unfair or undesirable and believed that the way to change it was to overturn or uproot existing norms. In that sense, suffragettes and abolitionists were radicals. Nowadays, radical, radicalize, and radicalization have come to carry connotations of a type of extremism closely association with violence. This is how The US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines radicalization and radical: radicalization At its root, radicalization takes the basic tenets of a faith or a political movement and carries them to extremes, extremes that often are drastic enough to adopt violence to intimidate others into accepting those extremes or to punish those who will not accept the extremes, and that process carries across lines of nationality or religion, from Mohammad Atta to Timothy McVeigh. radical The FBIdefines radical individuals as persons who encourage, endorse, condone, justify, or support the commission of a violent act or other crimes against the U.S. government, its citizens, or its allies for political, social, or economic ends. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and ExpressionsSocial vs. SocietalWhen to Spell Out Numbers

A Brief History of the African Nation of Tunisia

A Brief History of the African Nation of Tunisia Modern Tunisians are the descendants of indigenous Berbers and of people from numerous civilizations that have invaded, migrated to, and been assimilated into the population over the millennia. Recorded history in Tunisia begins with the arrival of Phoenicians, who founded Carthage and other North African settlements in the 8th century B.C. Carthage became a major sea power, clashing with Rome for control of the Mediterranean until it was defeated and captured by the Romans in 146 B.C. Muslim Conquest The Romans ruled and settled in North Africa until the 5th century, when the Roman Empire fell and Tunisia was invaded by European tribes, including the Vandals. The Muslim conquest in the 7th century transformed Tunisia and the make-up of its population, with subsequent waves of migration from around the Arab and Ottoman world, including significant numbers of Spanish Muslims and Jews at the end of the 15th century. From Arab Center to French Protectorate Tunisia became a center of Arab culture and learning and was assimilated into the Turkish Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. It was a French protectorate from 1881 until independence in 1956, and retains close political, economic, and cultural ties with France. Independence for Tunisia Tunisias independence from France in 1956 ended the protectorate established in 1881. President Habib Ali Bourguiba, who had been the leader of the independence movement, declared Tunisia a republic in 1957, ending the nominal rule of the Ottoman Beys. In June 1959, Tunisia adopted a constitution modeled on the French system, which established the basic outline of the highly centralized presidential system that continues today. The military was given a defined defensive role, which excluded participation in politics. A Strong and Healthy Beginning Starting from independence, President Bourguiba placed strong emphasis on economic and social development, especially education, the status of women, and the creation of jobs, policies that continued under Zine El Abidine Ben Alis administration. The result was strong social progress – high literacy and school attendance rates, low population growth rates, and relatively low poverty rates – and generally steady economic growth. These pragmatic policies have contributed to social and political stability. Bourguiba,  President for Life Progress toward full democracy has been slow. Over the years, President Bourguiba stood unopposed for re-election several times and was named President for Life in 1974 by a constitutional amendment. At the time of independence, the Neo-Destourian Party (later the Parti Socialiste Destourien, PSD or Socialist Destourian Party)- enjoying broad support because of its role at the forefront of the independence movement- became the sole legal party. Opposition parties were banned until 1981. Democratic change Under Ben Ali​ When President Ben Ali came to power in 1987, he promised greater democratic openness and respect for human rights, signing a national pact with opposition parties. He oversaw constitutional and legal changes, including abolishing the concept of President for life, the establishment of presidential term limits, and provision for greater opposition party participation in political life. But the ruling party renamed the Rassemblement Constitutionel Dà ©mocratique (RCD or Democratic Constitutional Rally), dominated the political scene due to its historic popularity and the advantage it enjoyed as the ruling party. Survival of a Strong Political Party Ben Ali ran for re-election unopposed in 1989 and 1994. In the multiparty era, he won 99.44% of the vote in 1999 and 94.49% of the vote in 2004. In both elections he faced weak opponents. The RCD won all seats in the Chamber of Deputies in 1989, and won all of the directly elected seats in the 1994, 1999, and 2004 elections. However, constitutional amendments provided for the distribution of additional seats to the opposition parties by 1999 and 2004. Effectively Becoming President for Life A May 2002 referendum approved constitutional changes proposed by Ben Ali that allowed him to run for a fourth term in 2004 (and a fifth, his final, because of age, in 2009), and provided judicial immunity during and after his presidency. The referendum also created a second parliamentary chamber, and provided for other changes. SourcePublic Domain material, US Department of State  Background Notes.